Design Manifestos: Amber Richane of CallisonRTKL

With more than 16 years of experience in architecture, planning, interiors and historic preservation for public and private entities, Amber Richane leads CallisonRTKL’s Performance-Driven Design initiatives at the Los Angeles, California office. She excels at assessing different development schemes for mixed-use projects by seeking functional design solutions and research-based design alternatives. A sustainable strategies leader in her market, her skills in examining urban densities, analyzing data and determining efficiencies make her a valuable asset to any design team approaching large or small scale-projects. Modelo spent some time learning about Amber’s path through architecture and design, and about how her sustainable approach has evolved over time.

On becoming an interior designer
I kind of fell into architecture and design. Growing up, I had very cool parents who encouraged me to explore all of my interests as long as I kept my grades up in school. During my junior year of high school, I took an interior decorating class, and that course made me want to major in interior design when I went to college. My dad wasn’t thrilled with my choice, so we compromised on architecture. I applied to the Environmental Design program at Syracuse University, which is a multi-disciplined program that encompasses architecture, interiors and landscape architecture. I was hooked immediately.

Their methodology is to design buildings from the outside-in and from the inside-out — a very holistic philosophy that jived perfectly with my green upbringing. I love the intersection of nature, design and program. What really sealed the deal for me, though, was visiting Fallingwater, the Pennsylvania residence designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. I just felt it in my bones, as if I had returned home. The magic of how that building and its interiors blend so seamlessly with the environment still stays with me today.

On discovering her voice as a designer
I think I am still trying to find my full voice as a designer. It’s an on-going and iterative process. My path has taken me in many different directions like office space planning, historic preservation, interior design, strategic planning, urban design and sustainable design. I have been lucky to have some really great bosses and mentors who have guided me in my career. Most notably, I have had some incredibly strong female mentors who have taken me under their wing and helped navigate a mostly male profession.

On joining CallisonRTKL
I joined Callison almost 10 years ago before the company became CallisonRTKL. It was the firm that my then-boss recommended to me, and he couldn’t have given me a better gift. CallisonRTKL has been a great fit. It has allowed me to expand my design aesthetic, dig deep into sustainable design practice and push my colleagues towards a more sustainable future. I feel that my work has gone from largely theory-based to more substantial, data-backed solutions during my time at CallisonRTKL.

On specific principles she strives to adhere to
My work is wholly focused on sustainability. I don’t specialize in a specific type of project, but I instead strive to bring sustainability to all project teams. My primary focus is setting goals to solve problems for clients using performance-based solutions. This method helps CallisonRTKL provide smarter and more sustainable solutions that save energy and water, reduce waste and provide better environmental quality.

On her role at CallisonRTKL
As the Performance-Driven Design℠ (PDD) Lead at CallisonRTKL, I direct a team of sustainability experts that works with our project teams to define sustainability goals including energy reduction targets. Another part of that job is education. When working with project teams, we also educate them about sustainability so more of their work will follow sustainable principles. I sometimes joke that my job is to make sure I don’t have a job in the future.

On recent projects that represent the firm’s unique approach
Our approach is really about bringing value to our clients through sustainable practices. What that means in a general sense is that, while it’s great to save energy and water, it’s even better to do that while also designing a building that will sell for a higher price, command stronger rents and lease more quickly than its competitors.

Our work with AT&T is a great example of our approach. This is one of only a small handful of LEED Platinum retail projects out there. We used a completely integrated design process and ran everything through a cost/benefit analysis before deciding on a direction. This informed every decision we made and allowed us to target the most effective credits for the money and achieve the highest LEED certification target.

Lotte Center Hanoi is another example of how CallisonRTKL designs for the local culture and climate. This project’s sleek and tapered design is in reference to the traditional “ao dai” garment — a design unique to Vietnam. The tower is oriented along a southwest/northeast axis, minimizing the building’s solar heat gain and maximizing exposure to the area’s prevailing wind direction, providing the best conditions for natural ventilation. Six-story sky garden atria are an integral part of the tower’s cross ventilation strategy. Rainwater harvesting, greywater systems and water-efficient appliances reduce potable water needs and are critical components of the tower’s performance. The building’s sewage is also treated on-site in membrane bioreactors.

In additional I think our strong legacy of sustainable projects really speaks for itself. Our firm designed Mirdif City Centre, the first LEED Gold retail mall in the Middle East, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Headquarters, which is the largest LEED Gold federal building, and we were the first to receive LEED Gold certification for a private development in Seattle for 2201 Westlake. Not to mention the San Antonio Military Medical Complex, which won the 2015 AIA COTE award.

On her design toolkit
We have a number of external and internal tools that we use for assessment. We have developed the DART and Matrix to help assess and explain sustainable strategies as external resources. For our project work, we use climate analysis to discern what passive strategies are appropriate. We look to optimize our waste streams as part of the operations of the building typology to further reduce our impact and create value for the client. We then work with a variety of software like IES, DIVA, Radiance and Sefaira to ensure our projects utilize passive strategies, make the architectural elements perform better, and design smarter outcomes.

On the state of design software today
The speed at which design software development is moving is impressive. New applications and software are being invented every day, and many of these allow us to work more intelligently and seamlessly while also helping us to more accurately analyze climatic conditions. I think the single biggest inhibitor to using them on all projects, though, is computing power and the time it takes to test multiple options.

On the future of design in the next 5–10 years
We’ll see the first driverless cars and see computer speeds unlike anything we can even comprehend right now. Designers will be more collaborative and will figure out how to use crowd-sourcing to solve design projects with hyper-local solutions. I believe that carbon neutral buildings and spaces will become commonplace and that we will be able to start reversing the effects of climate change.

On the future of the firm in the next 5–10 years
These are actually questions that we constantly keep in mind. Where will our business take us in five to ten years? What do we need to be thinking about now to facilitate how we want to shape that future? We continuously assess the tools that we need, new markets we can break into and what type of work will keep us relevant on a global scale.

On advice she would give her younger self
If I could give my younger self some sage advice it would be: if you see an opportunity, take it. Push yourself to do things you aren’t comfortable with and always keep learning.

Design Manifestos: Eugenio Carelli of Provencher_Roy Associés Architectes

Eugenio Carelli is an Architect and Partner at Provencher_Roy + Associés Architectes in Montréal, Canada. He joined the firm in 1993 and became an associate in 2010. Throughout his career, he has collaborated on numerous, often large-scale projects as a designer and member of the building team. His ability to intervene at every step of the design process, whatever the scale of a project, has made him an invaluable team member whose imprint can be seen in Montréal’s urban landscape. Modelo spent some time learning about Eugenio’s journey through the profession and about the collaborative spirit at the firm that influences his work.

On becoming an architect
As child I was always building things with my hands. I was building cities in the sandbox, playing with Lego blocks and later played with a Meccano set. In high school, I was drawn to the logic of mathematics and geometry, but was also interested in literature. I had the chance to visit Italy and New York City a few times when I was young. I marveled at old stone buildings and towering modern skyscrapers. Those trips with my family left a lasting impression. I knew I wanted to be an architect since I was a teenager, but I had a naïve idea of what the profession was about when I applied to McGill University’s School of Architecture. I was drawn to the creative, noble and heroic aspects of architecture. I wanted to make a difference and create something of lasting value.

On discovering his voice as a designer
Discovering my architectural voice or values began while I was at McGill University. We had some great teachers and a great studio atmosphere with students from all over the world. It was where we spent most of our time working on projects, drawings and models (before computers) late into the night. My voice also came from reading a lot books and essays by architects such as Louis Kahn, Frank Lloyd Wright and Alvar Alto. We had a great History of Architecture professor named Peter Collins who was an expert in French architecture. He instilled a sense of history and meaning in us, as well as insisted on rationality and honesty in architecture. He taught us a way to see and understand architecture. Along with a group of fellow architecture students, we traveled to Europe one semester to visit some of the buildings we had studied in our history course and more contemporary works by Le Corbusier. Later influences include works by Renzo Piano and Toyo Ito.

On the evolution of his role
I joined the firm in the early 1990s. I had been working on my own for about five years doing mostly residential work. I shared a loft space with some architect friends, graphic designers and artists. It was a lot of fun but became financially difficult when Montreal fell into a deep recession. I had heard that Provencher Roy was looking for people to work on the first phase of the Montreal Casino which was to be located in the old French pavilion of Expo 67. My wife and some friends were already part of the team, so I decided to apply to the firm. On my first day at Provencher Roy, a senior architect warned me that once I start working for the firm I might never want to leave. I took it with a grain of salt at the time, but he was right. I left for a brief period at the end of that project, but returned and I am now an Associate of the firm. I was quickly impressed by the collaborative and inclusive design approach at Provencher Roy. There was a great team spirit. Everybody had a chance to express their point of view and good ideas. No matter who proposed the idea, they had a chance to see the day if it had merit.

This collaborative spirit has greatly influenced my work. I discovered the importance of taking the time to step back and discuss design intentions with colleagues. The value of working with models from conceptual design through to design development stages was revealed to me through working at Provencher Roy. Other lessons learned during my years at the firm include the importance of simply listening and being attentive to client needs and aspirations. I’ve also learned the importance of the priority of getting basic spatial, programmatic and volumetric relationships right on a project.

The firm strongly encourages architectural designers to invest time and effort into developing innovative ideas through exploratory drawings and models. This attitude allows Provencher Roy’s work to remain relevant design-wise and responsive to clients’ objectives.

On principles he strives to adhere to
Our projects try to respond to and reveal what is unique about the site such as its orientation, topography and historical context; the building program (public vs service spaces); and the clients’ needs and aspirations. Provencher Roy buildings are very much concerned with ensuring that spaces receive an abundance of natural light and strive to create spaces that are good to be in. Our buildings try to provide a permeable ground floor, allowing an easy access to all from street level as well as contributing positively to the urban surroundings or natural landscape. This engages occupants and passersby as well as reveals the building’s interior workings. Provencher Roy values the clarity and fluidity of circulation paths and spaces in its buildings. Lastly, we search for innovative materiality, proportions and tectonic assemblies that are evocative and appropriate for the project.

On his role at Provencher_Roy 
I have worked on developing projects from conceptual design to design development, which involved understanding project programs, collecting information on the site and context, elaborating volumetric studies, space planning and elevation studies. This was mostly done through sketches, scaled drawings and physical models. This work usually involved collaboration with a team of one or two people and the participation of Claude Provencher, who is one of the founding partners of the firm. More recently, my work involves managing projects and project teams, which includes overseeing conceptual / design development teams, managing the transition of preliminary designs to construction working drawings, coordination work with engineers, consultants and clients as well assisting the site supervision team with coordination and design issues.

I also participate in bi-weekly design reviews of current projects at the office with Claude Provencher, other senior designers and members of the project teams. I participate in interviews of student architects for summer apprenticeships at our office. I try to keep an eye out for new competitions, potential projects as well as interesting articles and documentaries on architecture to share with employees.

On recent projects the represent the firm’s unique approach
Our unique approach stems from Claude Provencher’s and Michel Roy’s initial vision to consistently produce quality contemporary works of architecture and design. They insist on creating architecture that is resolutely modern, responsive to site, historical context and programmatic constraints as well as opportunities. We believe in architecture that speaks of its time and place yet reaches for the timeless, such as our Ritz Carlton and Montreal Museum of Fine Arts projects. We strive to create architecture that engages its occupants to new experiences through dynamic spaces and forms, but also to a sense of well-being for work, living and leisure. This can be seen in the Modernization of the Montreal Casino with the new entrance, offices and interiors. We strive for an architecture that contributes to the public domain of urban landscapes, such as the Ilot Balmoral project.

On his design toolkit
Projects usually start off with a small team of just one or two people along with Claude Provencher. We meet with the client to discuss the intentions and program requirements, budgets and schedule. We then usually study the project site, historical context, zoning requirements, taking stock of possible constraints but also of opportunities to create something unique. We start sketching in plan, section, volumes, looking to define the right relationships be they programmatic, formal, contextual, spatial or volumetric. We usually create quick rough physical models made out of cardboard or foam to test ideas. Once we obtain a clearer idea of how spaces and volumes could work for a given project, we proceed to more detailed drawings in plan and section that enable us to produce more detailed study models. We go back and forth. Models help us to push our drawings further and then the drawings help us test ideas in more detailed models.

Recently, our office has invested in a laser cutter and a 3D printer to help us produce more accurate models. These new tools have influenced our design process and output and helped create a new generation of young architectural designers at our firm. Periodic informal team meetings are usually conducted around the study of models and drawings in progress. Depending on the project size and schedule, this process may go through many iterations and building up to a formal presentation to our client. At some point the small design team expands to include a 3D modeler to test certain spatial and volumetric ideas incorporating context buildings and site. As the project evolves, the 3D models serve to test the architectural treatment of facades and interiors, simulation of natural lighting within the proposed building.

If the project schedule is too tight, we will forgo building physical models and go straight to 3D modeling to test design ideas. Software such as SketchUp, Rhino or Grasshopper allow us to do visualizations and test potential architecture intentions fairly quickly.

On the state of design software today
Design software is becoming more and more sophisticated, giving architects unprecedented ways to develop a project. They allow the possibility to do numerous design iterations fairly rapidly and provide unique ways to present projects to clients. Photorealistic images and animations allow clients to better visualize the finished project as though it was already built. But, I have some reservations as to the possible takeover of the design process by fast working 3D modelers who are able to produce realistic and seductive images. Design teams can quickly be handcuffed by the images produced and spend a lot of energy trying to make the building look like the images instead of exploring the constraints and opportunities which eventually determine what the building will be.

On the future of architecture in the next 5–10 years
Architecture has gone through profound transformations in the last decades from the digital revolution to the emergence of green design principles to the way buildings are delivered. The disruption and innovation is continual and we are living it every day. It seems that anything is possible today in architecture. If you can imagine it, it can be built. But we have to keep in mind that this is the privilege of a small fraction of the world’s population. I believe that we need innovation to ensure that there is good architecture. This means well thought out buildings and spaces that are good to be in, inspire the common good and can be accessible to all people.

There is a growing tendency of architectural firms going towards providing a one-stop-shop. Practices are evolving to offer a variety of complementary design services such as urban design, interior design, industrial design, graphics and communications. Some firms also offer in-house engineering services. The next step would be to provide construction services as well, enabling a firm to deliver a project from conceptual design to the built work. Yet, I think that there will always be room for the small design-oriented firms that are often best placed to create unique and innovative projects. The real challenge to larger firms is how to ‘compete’ with smaller firms with respect to thinking outside of the box and to remain relevant in terms of producing innovative designs.

On the future of the firm in the next 5–10 years
Provencher Roy has and is evolving very much in line with these industry changes. When I started working here over 20 years ago, we were a 35 person office doing drawings by hand, starting to use AutoCAD and doing some hand built models. We would still hire outside artists to do hand drawn perspectives. Provencher Roy is now a 200+ person firm, offering an array of design services including urban design, interior design, industrial design, graphics and communications. The firm strives to remain at the leading edge of industry and technological changes. Yet through its collaborative and inclusive design approach, Provencher Roy manages to maintain the agility and energy of a small design-oriented office.

On advice he would give his younger self
The advice I would give myself is to relax more. A single day, deadline or presentation does not determine the rest of your life or career. Things are rarely as critical as you imagine them to be. The important thing is the day-to-day rapport with your colleagues, in playing off each other’s knowledge and experience in the attempt to create something new and meaningful. It is important to take the time to step back from your work once in a while, do other things and to return to your work with new perspective.

Design Manifestos: Michael Great of Ankrom Moisan Architects

Michael Great, AIA is a Managing Principal at Ankrom Moisan Architectsat the Portland, Oregon location. A graduate of the University of Oregon with a Bachelor of Architecture, he has been in the industry for more than 14 years. His project experience includes multi family housing, senior housing, healthcare, workplace, and hospitality.

Michael currently manages a team of 22 with a focus on early design concepting and innovative design thinking. He is a board member of the Architecture Foundation of Oregon, and an AIA Oregon Portland delegate. Modelo spent some time speaking with Michael and learning about his journey through the profession and about how the firm is reinventing their design process.

On becoming an architect
As a kid, I was always drawing things, but never buildings. When I was a junior in high school, I took a drafting class without any previous knowledge of architecture. I was amazed when I discovered that it was possible to make drawing a career, so I talked to my teacher about pursuing architecture and the possible avenues I could take.

On discovering his voice as a designer
Like many designers, it took time for me to develop my design voice. This involved going through trial and error while also learning what is actually important in architecture.

As a firm, we are working on refining our design voice and how the design process can create better buildings. And as the Lead Designer on projects, my role is to understand each team member’s and client’s point-of-view and navigate all decisions and questions. I try to work with everyone to find the best design direction.

On joining Ankrom Moisan Architects
While studying architecture at the University of Oregon, I decided to pursue an internship. Another firm in town actually referred me to Ankrom Moisan, a company I had never heard of before. After interviewing at AMA, I realized that it would be a great place for me to grow as a designer and an architect. The knowledge and experience of technical, architectural, and interiors staff provided a wonderful resource and learning opportunity. I felt like I could bring a fresh attitude about design, so I embraced that mindset and worked a few summers as an intern before eventually being hired full-time.

After graduation, I set out to mold the way the office approached design in order to energize the firm. For example, I was really excited about 3D modeling, a tool that wasn’t widely used in architecture at the time. The ability to leverage this technology opened a lot of doors — we could show clients four or five ideas in the same amount of time it previously took to show two.

On principles he strives to adhere to
At AMA, we are reinventing our design process. I know that this will sound counterproductive, but bear with me. We avoid actively designing the building, and instead focus first on the issue and then build a solution around it. This philosophy consists of a unique approach: designing from the Inside-Out and the Outside-In.

This philosophy is a method to understand the full range of informants that will shape design. The team explores ideas from the macro to the micro, from the far-reaches of the site to interior experiences, allowing our design team to make smart design decisions based on relevant information. We progress the design by understanding the nuances of the user, program, client expectations, as well as the neighborhood’s character, the property’s potential, and the “phenomenon,” or uniqueness of the site. The data we uncover becomes the driver of design.

We’re still developing the process, but clients are starting to appreciate it and people at all levels in the firm enjoy working with that philosophy. We feel that this is a win-win process for the firm and the client. There has been some trial and error as we discover the best methods, but we have had some success and received positive feedback about the process.

On recent projects that represent this unique approach
One recent project where we were able to utilize the Inside-Out/Outside-In process was the new Daimler Trucks North America headquarters in Portland.

This was a great way for us to jump into a high-design project and understand what the building’s occupants needed to be not only more productive, but happier. We began by interviewing the employees to understand exactly what they needed, and then designed the building around those needs, starting from the workspaces themselves and then radiating out.

We also designed a residential tower in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle using this approach, although it has not been built yet. This project was again all about digging in, analyzing, and understanding what the potential residents might want. How would they live in these spaces? And how could we connect Seattle to those apartment spaces? It was all about air and light. Light is so crucial up here in the rainy Northwest and we’re always looking for ways to engage it in as many spaces as possible. The client was really excited about that direction and construction will hopefully begin soon.

On his role as Managing Principal at the firm
There are three Architectural Design Principals at AMA. Besides Portland, we have an established office in Seattle and just opened a new San Francisco office in June. Each of us have slightly different roles, but what I strive to do every day is energize the design teams on their various projects. Sometimes I walk into a room and mess things up a little bit. That’s the part that I enjoy- trying to be a catalyst for ideas. I don’t want them to be my ideas — I want to get the teams excited about theirs. Being able to see that spark in a design team meeting is really the reward.

Shepherding the teams through the whole design process is another significant part of my role. Once those ideas are cemented, we have to follow through. How do we navigate the clients’ expectations and other influencers and still end up with a product that aligns with that initial concept? I try to guide the people and the project through to the final product. Many times, that’s my primary role, which is a little different than what I originally expected architecture to be. I think everybody envisions architects just drawing cool stuff all day, but it truly is a multifaceted profession.

On his design toolkit
We draw a lot of diagrams, which are important tools in the Inside-Out/Outside-In process in order to get decisions from the client and design team. We frequently use 3D diagrams that include a lot of information with as few lines or moves as possible to demonstrate the essence of the project and encourage a discussion with the client. We then build on that diagram as the project progresses. The diagram will inevitably evolve from 3D and we may even go back to 2D, depending on how the designs are being received.

The next step is to develop the diagram into a full 3D model, although we may overlay it with some sketches. The level of technology we use depends on the client, the team, and the time. Recently we have been using 3D visualization, virtual reality, and a few other similar medium types, which is unique and very exciting.

On the state of design software today
Architects have always struggled with software. When I was in college, 3D software was definitely the big thing. I was interested and jumped into learning it. But when I graduated, people were still using AutoCAD and 2D software. There’s always been this conflict with different systems. It seemed as though we were using multiple programs to get the same results.

The new VR technology is exciting, but also adds another layer of complexity and options. We primarily use SketchUp in the early design process and then we transition to Revit. The goal is to streamline the process without sacrificing the design, which can be challenging.

On the future of architecture in the next 5–10 years
In the next five to ten years, we will see advanced technology that provides more flexibility in design. I think it will be equally thrilling and scary as architects are able to leverage this technology to build projects that keep up with the changing industry budgets and timelines.

On the future of Ankrom Moisan Architects in the next 5–10 years
AMA is gearing up for a lot of those changes as we dive head-first into the BIM software and Revit. We want to learn as much about those programs as possible in order to save time and money. The firm will also focus on modular construction. In particular, Cross-Laminated Timber Technology is emerging regionally, so we may be using a lot more of that in the near future.

My ultimate goal is for us to efficiently utilize our tools and organize our teams so that we have more time for design.

On advice he would give his younger self
Have patience. Like many of the younger staff here, I also wanted to learn everything at once, but it takes time to truly absorb all of the components of architecture. If you take time to thoroughly learn each of these components, you will be a better designer.

Design Manifestos: Chuck Armstrong of Corgan

Chuck Armstrong serves as Design Director for Corgan in the Dallas, Texas office. With over three decades of architectural experience, he has developed an impressive portfolio of healthcare, corporate, retail and institutional projects worldwide. As one of the firm’s most talented designers, Chuck has led design teams on a variety of complex projects and garnered more than forty awards throughout his career. He was elevated to Fellow in the American Institute of Architects in 2015. Modelo spent some time learning about what inspires Chuck’s innovative designs that are aimed at enhancing human experience and well-being.

On becoming an architect
I was aware of architecture and wanted to be an architect since I was about nine years old. I have very early memories of drawing the Dallas skyline compulsively in those days. I started making “cities” with wooden blocks, then graduated to the first version of LEGOS when it was a new product and ultimately was given a construction toy called “Super City” which was hi-tech and modern in 1968. It’s difficult to even remember a time that I didn’t visualize myself as an architect.

On discovering his voice as a designer
I came into the profession in the very early 1980s when post-modernism was the fashion. My first design successes came early for me, right after graduating from the University of Texas at Austin. We were largely interested in celebrating and elevating the unsung vernacular forms of humble and utilitarian buildings as a source of inspiration. To this day, I find more inspiration in accidental or purely utilitarian forms than I do in more self-aware or sophisticated architecture. I am also very interested in the fine art across a long time span and in various media. My wife of 38 years, Lynn Armstrong, is a ceramic artist and we both enjoy art and travel to cultures with a strong tradition of artisan crafts. I spend most of my project design time looking for ways to solve a problem in the most essential elemental way. I ask myself at every new opportunity: What’s the essence of this?

On joining Corgan
I joined Corgan in late 1997 as the first design director for the firm. I had several professional friends and acquaintances in the firm and had known of the firm since my days in high school. The firm at that time wasn’t known for design, but rather, had a reputation as a trustworthy, service-oriented practice that valued its client relationships above everything. My approach to architecture has actually changed radically since joining Corgan. I focus now (or for the last fifteen years) on the human experience and functional value of architecture over the formal “isms” which were the focus of my academic training. People and their satisfaction with my work are much more important than the objectified solution.

On principles he strives to adhere to 
We aspire to satisfy these principles with each project.

Empathy
We design to enhance the human experience and well-being. We create places where people thrive.

Clarity
The world is a complex place. We provide clarity and order.

Singularity
Every project is unique. We explore possibilities with our clients.

Locality
Our work is inspired by both the place and culture for which it is created.

Responsibility
We are good stewards of our clients’ and the world’s resources.

On his role at Corgan
As Design Director, I am responsible for leading and protecting our firm’s design brand. I have been involved on most of the firm’s large and high profile projects since 1997. I work across all of the market sectors we serve which includes aviation, commercial, education, healthcare and critical facilities design. I have a very small staff of dedicated design specialists who engage with teams throughout the firm (including our offices in New York, Los Angeles, Houston, San Francisco and Phoenix). Our group provides leadership, ideas and innovation whenever called upon in service to our clients. I spend better than half of my office time advising and teaching the younger members of the firm in the finer points of design and more importantly, human psychology.

On recent projects that represent the firm’s approach 
I wouldn’t say our approach to design is “unique” per se; however, I would say that our firm values run counter to many of our competitors in that we genuinely strive to satisfy the needs of our clients and their constituents over any preconceived or stylistic approach we may adopt as designers. We value the functionality and adaptability of our projects more than how they look in photographs. We are constantly looking for ways to make our work lasting and relevant by enhancing human experience and satisfaction.

The New Parkland Hospital reflects our point of view in considering patients first in the design process. Even though this building is enormous and a maze of treatment rooms in the clinical areas, we thought first about the patients’ and visitors’ understanding and ability to navigate this vast facility. Despite its size, the building is light infused and easily understood by first time visitors. The exterior treatment is also a reflection of Dallas’ modern tradition of sleek glass architecture; we wanted to acknowledge this tradition.

Our design for Toyota’s North American Headquarters (currently under construction) was based upon the idea of creating a singular communal outdoor space as the primary organizational premise. The client’s goal is to provide for a “One Toyota” solution to a currently dispersed organization in several regions of the country. The notion of “locality” comes into play in the complex as represented in a distinctly Texas material palette. The campus is designed to achieve a very high LEED Score.

The Sacramento International Airport Terminal was all about creating a new front door for the city and greater region. Terminal buildings in general serve as symbols for communities and create first and last impressions for residents and visitors alike. The solution for this building reflected the tree-lined streets of central Sacramento and opened the building up to the California sun.

On his design toolkit 
Our initial design process seeks to couple abstract aspirations and goals with more concrete pictorial images to quickly develop a consensus of a design direction with our clients. We have to tailor this process each time to the large and varied client types we enjoy. We work hard to actually gain a consensus on design direction before we propose a given scheme or a set of options. We resist having any preconceptions early on and genuinely collaborate with our clients to create a solution suited to their needs. I usually buck the growing trend to start design immediately on the computer, and as preamble to the inevitable, challenge teams to draw more spontaneously as a way of expressing pure ideas first, before dealing with the intermediary tool. Ideas are more important than tools.

We employ a wide array of software (SketchUp, Rhino, Revit, 3ds Max) as well as drawings and physical models in our design process. We tend to design everything in 3D space regardless of the phase or software used. We employ Revit as our Primary software for construction documents.

On the state of design software today
The most relevant comment I can make about software in general is this: It’s constantly being updated and improved such that periodic and frequent training is mandatory. The trick is knowing when to use aspects of a software’s capabilities. All of the programs offer so much utility it can sometimes be far more power than we need early in the process of design.

On the future of architecture and the firm in the next 5–10 years 
The biggest “disruption” I see for the profession revolves around issues of technical integration into other disciplines such as: big data, genetic innovations, robotic and/or Nano construction technologies. These areas may also prove to be huge opportunities.

If I knew this with any certainty I could retire NOW! Our biggest change will be in the very control of our profession. As time goes on we “traditional” architects have lost market share to big engineering and real estate firms. I do worry that technological advances may hasten this if we don’t fight back and defend our roles as the central creative voice for architecture.

Corgan has done a great job of staying abreast of technology in general. I expect our firm to expand our horizons of expertise, adapting to new practice and design models as markets present themselves.

On advice he would give his younger self 
Travel more, see the world and always take creative time for your own self-expression.

Design Manifestos: Pavitra Sriprakash of Shilpa Architects Planners Designers

Pavitra Sriprakash is an architect and urban designer with a focus on Sustainability. She is the Chief Designer and Director at The Global Design Studio of Shilpa Architects in Chennai, India. The firm is an acclaimed design house that draws inspiration from cultural values that are distinctly rooted in the sub-continent, fusing vernacular methods with modern design and construction practices. Having practiced urban design and planning in New York and Chicago, Pavitra’s work has been India-focused since 2008. Modelo spent some time learning about Pavitra’s perspective on the future of the industry and her views on sustainability in architecture.

On becoming an architect
As a child of six, I would sidle into my mother’s architectural Studio under coconut trees in the house garden. The truncated pyramidal roofs of the low-slung structures had skylights of clear glass. Sunlight would gently fall on massive design boards and I remember sitting up on high drawing stools to watch squirrels play peek-a-boo in the swaying fronds! I would finger paint and designers would lend me their sketch pens and acrylics. Swatches of stones, tiles, fabrics and laminates were favorites for my crafts’ projects in higher classes, and soon I became obsessed with computers. Growing up among the smells and sounds of a studio, I knew I had to become an Architect. History of Architecture and the study of Mohenjo Daro inspired me. I wanted to travel, especially to Italy. I applied for graduate studies in Urban Design from Columbia University in New York City, and was thrilled when I was accepted.

On discovering her voice as a designer
As a student of Bharathanatyam, a classical Indian dance style, I learned the connection between performing arts and temple architecture. Indian philosophy and culture never separates these two. Learning about spaces through classical dance is interesting. As dancers, we transport our audience into a make believe setting on the stage, much like an architect imagines a space where none exists. Having spent time away from India gave me a greater appreciation for all things “Indian”. The emphasis on using intrinsically Indian ideas in contextual architecture became a passion.

I also am a product of the Internet age. I had a huge focus on the usage of software for creating ideas and representing them. At some point the tool became the medium for creative ideas. I love learning about new and exciting technology that impact art and architecture.

On joining Shilpa Architects
Coming back to India meant coming home to SHILPA after a decade of being away. The change that SHILPA brought into my architectural thinking was on two things — sustainability and frugality. I was already a LEED certified professional and understood sustainability, but the need to be really sustainable is far more compelling in a country like India. We work on several projects where literally new towns are being created in the middle of nowhere. No infrastructure means you have no choice but to be sustainable. The Indian market is also extremely cost sensitive and to create great architecture that is self-reliant and affordable became a huge focus after joining SHILPA. The drive is not to get a neighborhood that is ‘rated’ but to have something that will work and, to do it in the most cost-effective way possible.

On specific principles the firm adheres to
I think the words that really drive the design and aesthetic of the firm are Indo-centric Sustainability. I would describe this principle of architecture as being rooted in the subcontinent by way of philosophy and its rich heritage — sustainability here also refers to cultural and social sustainability. All our projects aim to bring in elements that are intrinsically Indian and local to the fore. From usage of local materials to construction techniques that bring nostalgia, is always a part of the design solution for a space. Indo-centricity is also derived from philosophy. For example equating a technical requirement of an air-lock for the completion of a HVAC scheme with the vedic concept of ‘Akhand’ or infinite. Handmade clay bricks placed on edge formed the roof, walls and floor in an office project to seamlessly represent the cosmos as a visually homogeneous enclosure.

Holistic Sustainability is another major mantra for the firm. The belief that successful design solutions are those that ‘reciprocate’ between all major stakeholders and users is one that drives all our projects. There is a focus also on aspects of the socio-economic benefits of architectural programming in our larger developments, such as the inclusion of community gardens that have produce, which can then be sold for revenue towards maintenance.

On her role as a designer at Shilpa Architects
My primary focus as a designer at Shilpa is to ensure that most if not all our projects tie back to principles of Indo-centric sustainability. All projects go through our internal ‘sustainability’ audit. We use software to check on the basics of the architecture such as orientation, wall sections and design of fenestration. Apart from this the ‘localization’ of the project is also a part of the audit that I am very involved in. The search for that defining ‘soul of the project’; whether it is a material adaptation or a local construction technique, blending it in and finding a place for it in a contemporary application is where I love being involved.

I am also responsible for the seamless use of software in our design and implementation process. We are a BIM-based studio and have been so since 2008. As early adopters of the software, the transition has been even more challenging as many of the protocols and standards had to be developed on our own for the first few years.

On recent projects that represent the firm’s unique approach
Our Studio’s approach is to create spaces that are responsive to users and enhance their utility or efficiency. There is always a push to try out an alternative approach in all our work. What makes us different is that we are not afraid to borrow from traditional methods as much as we rely on technologies to produce a unique architectural experience. As a means to increase energy efficiency in the building cooling solution, a hybrid solution of envelope cooling and renewable energy has been used in an office building. The envelope cooling is through radiant cooling pipes embedded in the slab, a system of cooling that has existed on the Indian sub-continent since the 16th century. The cooling is powered through air handling units, which are run on renewable solar power and a geothermal heat sink. A perfect blend of old and new technology for a modern day solution that is effective and brings about a saving of 60% over conventional methods.

The sculpting of spaces using traditional Indian inspiration is another method of design that is adopted as a common design tool in our studios. The usage of the Tanjore technique for art has been around since 1600 AD. The paintings are characterized by rich, flat and vivid colors, simple iconic composition, glittering 24K-gold foils overlaid on delicate but extensive gesso work and inlaid with precious and semi-precious gems. Essentially serving as devotional icons, the subjects of most paintings are Hindu gods, goddesses, and saints. The re-interpretation of this as Taruu, the mythical tree of life, in an oversized mixed media art installation involved breaking the norm of having a depiction of typical subject. The limitations of the medium and the preservation of the gold and gems through a new-age technique of resin application helped bring this art alive in a public building.

On her design toolkit
Our process is completely digitized and all aspects of the design creation are done virtually. The very first sketch of ideas are quickly brought into a digital medium and the rest of the design development is done through modeling software. We rely on Revit largely and use 3DS Max for visualization. Some of the initial stage design work is completed on SketchUp as well, but that is also largely transitioning to a BIM platform. The 3D model is more than just imagery, and we strive to use it more as a Digital Database. Today software has become so much more than just a tool. Earlier the computer was replacing the drafting table, but nowadays software powerfully embeds large amounts of information and detail into every drawing. These can be modified, tracked and extracted into data in ways that are so much more expressive and complete. I believe that 2D drawings will soon be completely replaced as information is exchanged and tracked virtually.

On the state of design software today
Design software is becoming more complex and versatile. The medium of presentation has moved completely away from physical to digital. There are newer software that are popping up so rapidly that it is hard to keep up with the newest and greatest out there. Nevertheless, software has always excited me because it represents new possibilities and innovation. The power of software is limitless!

On the future of architecture in the next 5–10 years
I think the area where architecture is most in need of innovation is in material creation and re-inventing traditional building on-site methods. In a world that is fast evolving, taking years to complete a project will soon be our biggest hurdle. With the exchange of information occurring at such a quick speed, it will become necessary to cut down on the time for actually building out a project. The information age is already providing building sites with real-time data on construction and this can be used for streamlining the process.

In terms of materials, the disruption I see is in the world of additive manufacturing and the usage of materials which go beyond the usual thermoplastics and thermoplastic composites that are widely used today. Innovation with architectural materials including pure metals, metal alloys, ceramics, clays and composite concrete is where we need to see the most development in the coming years.

As a futurist and child of the Internet age, I believe architecture will soon become an extension of a wearable. Probably not in the next 5–10 years, but definitely further out in the future. With the evolution of the notion of comfort as something that is with you always, portable, connected and capable of real time monitoring and information gathering. The concept of “my-space” as something that can ‘plug into’ social space is the future. It is already possible to dynamically monitor the performance of a building. The next sea change will occur wherein it is possible to 3D print custom environments depending on the requirement for the day/week or perhaps longer.

In the next 5–10 years though, I see the transition to the digital medium in architectural processes being complete. Creation of materials on site depending on local conditions and additive manufacturing should commence in some rudimentary way.

On the future of the firm in the next 5–10 years
At Shilpa, we are constantly researching various methods for adapting materials that could be created through the process of additive manufacturing. A part of our practice is focused on solving the issue of rapid urbanization and the requirement for affordable, sustainable and expandable homes in Indian cities.

We are currently working on transitioning digital formats between CAD and STL in order to stay on the edge of design innovation.

On advice she would give herself
You are never done learning. Every project is an opportunity to create an experience for you and the people you are building it for! With things changing rapidly we are on the verge of the CAD revolution, design will soon be decentralized and very easily replicated.

The opportunity to create and innovate will have to be reinvented, possibly in my lifetime, and that itself will be a huge learning experience for this generation.

Design Manifestos: Elizabeth Whittaker of MERGE Architects

Elizabeth Whittaker is the founder of MERGE Architects in Boston, Massachusetts. She has served on the Boston Society of Architects (BSA) and AIA Board of Directors, the BSA/AIA Rotch Traveling Fellowship Committee and the BSA/AIA Nominating Committee. She was a recipient of the 2015 AIA Young Architects Award and MERGE Architects was honored with the 2014 Design Vanguard Award from Architectural Record (recognizing the top ten emerging firms in the world). Elizabeth approaches architecture as a discipline embedded in both practice and academia, and currently holds a faculty position as Assistant Professor in Practice of Architecture at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design. Modelo spent some time learning about Elizabeth’s journey of starting the firm and her ambitions for the future.

On becoming an architect
I was definitely not a student or lover of architecture at an early age. I certainly didn’t know at age 15 that I wanted to be an architect. I was actually a painter, so I came to architecture accidentally. Painting was my obsession, but I was also very interested in journalism at the time. At the impressionable age of 17, I decided I wanted to study graphic design and start my own publication. However, on a whim, the day before my sophomore year I decided to take an architecture studio. It was super impulsive. I had never experienced anything so terrifying and uncertain. I failed miserably right out of the gate — and then I was completely hooked.

It was quite the discovery. A discipline that incorporated all the things I was interested in at the time: 2D graphics, painting and sculpture — overlayed into something that we could actually inhabit. I was enthralled. There was never one right answer. I’ve been at it since I was 19 so it’s been a while. I entered into the design school within my undergraduate program at North Carolina State University. It was this amazing place of young, raw talent. The Design School had many disciplines within their program: architectural design, graphic design, industrial design, landscape architecture and even textile design. Many of the initial studios were general design studios. We were all together. It was a real mashup of various talents and interests. This dynamic impressed a love of building, fabrication and all things making for me.

On discovering her voice as a designer
The discovery began within my undergraduate program where I was in constant dialogue with my classmates that weren’t necessarily studying architecture, but rather one of the various other design disciplines within the program. For me, architecture was always and is always a blend of many different interests. It was about making small-scale, real-scale, full-scale and true-scale objects, as well as understanding the social implications of space. We were dabbling in all areas of design throughout my undergrad, and we were making many artifacts and testing, testing, testing. This was back in the day before we had laser cutters or CNC routers. It was a real can-do mentality and it taught me to be incredibly resourceful and creative with very modest means and materials. I firmly believe we still utilize this way of thinking and sensibility in my practice today.

After undergrad, I worked in an office for several years in order to gain some practical experience before I entered graduate school. I received my M.Arch at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design, where I was faced confronting all of my previous intuitions. In grad school I had to describe it, explain it and really wrestle with these intuitions that I had developed throughout my undergrad experience. It was a great contrast to my earlier education, and somehow this process helped me find my particular voice, which is still very much about the maker-culture and often a handmade/high-touch sensibility. My work is focused on how to incorporate a low tech/high tech process to produce a sense of efficiency in fabrication, whether it is digitally or hand crafted. I’m always interested in this idea of craft in the project. We make a lot of models in my office. We are often constructing elements of our projects ourselves (mock-ups) before getting on the jobsite and then actually building certain components of the project on-site. The contractors that we often work with are either not up to the task of executing some of our more custom details and ambitions, whether it be physically, mentally or financially. Therefore we (MERGE) end up taking over certain scopes while under construction.

On starting Merge Architects
I started Merge back in 2003, probably five or eight years earlier than I thought I would start my practice. For a long time I knew I wanted to have my own office, but I was of the opinion that I should wait until I had more experience. At the time I had seven to eight years in different offices including Frank Gehry’s in Los Angeles, Elwardt & Lattermann Architekten in Berlin and a few more offices in New York City. Just before I started my firm I was working for a great architect in Boston and was extremely busy with projects within that practice. I loved the office and the work, but as it turned out a couple of side projects came my way and I just didn’t have time to do them because I had a very intense day job. I was simply going to pass them along.

Just as I was about to send them on to some of my friends with their own startup practices, I realized people wait years to ‘get work’ so I decided it was a good time to jump. It wasn’t planned — at all. The decision happened over a two-week period and I just dove in. It’s been full of plenty of highs and lows ever since, as I’m pretty sure any architect would describe their practice. I started pre-recession, so that was good thing. We were lucky to get a lot of work fairly early. For the most part they were fast track, small projects. I affectionately referred to them as non-projects. They often didn’t seem like much of a project at all, yet I had to build a body of work out of these various opportunities and create a way of working that would translate later into larger-scale built projects as we began to scale up.

I continuously strive to incorporate the same sensibilities that we’ve had on the smaller projects in the early years of MERGE. It was a relatively small practice for the first eight years out, however, over the past two or three years we’ve doubled in size. We’re extremely busy right now, which is as much as sign of the times as it is the fact that we’re finally ready to do the bigger projects that are coming our way.

On specific principles that she strives to adhere to
In each of my projects I bring the ambition of combining my interests in craft with my curiosity for how people actually use space and are affected by a particular architecture. I’m interested in how very subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, details and dimensions of a project can dictate how a space is occupied and perceived. We talk a lot about social choreography of place in my practice. For example, the dimensions of a piece of furniture can actually dictate the social dynamic of a collective space. We worked on a restaurant a few years ago where we designed a series of benches that were built a couple of inches lower than typical seat height and 8” deeper than a typical seat. We also provided casters for these benches that allowed for people to rearrange the seating configuration at will each evening. Because of the specific dimensions and flexibility of each piece, the users, often strangers, would sit back-to-back, creating a certain social energy that would not have happened otherwise. That was a very early project for us, maybe the second year into my practice. At first glance it’s very modest details, but the reality is that space offers a very different experience than any other restaurant I’ve ever been in because of these simple dimensions and the flexibility of the seating components.

As addressed earlier, I am also equally obsessed with craft and how we approach making in our work. We approach detailing as a very loose yet precise exercise. We are often rethinking, remaking and re-detailing some of the aspects of a project on-site during construction. I call it real-time resolution. We often collaborate with special fabricators, artisans and of course general contractors to allow for a blend of standard construction practices with highly custom components and details. Since we always seem to work within tight budget constraints, we are always looking for a clever conceptual and material economy of means.

This demand for efficiency in construction costs forces us to concentrate our design energy into very strategic locations on each project. Within each project we have what we call the Core Project — the project within the project. For example, 90% of a project may be built very simply in terms of construction and detailing, but the remaining 10% may be where to spend a larger price per foot. This could be a specific wall, object or a series of details, such as the facade of the building or a certain surface that will set the overall design intent of the full work. If executed successfully, the entire project can be perceived as highly customized and unique. We’ve had to be very sneaky with how to pull off well-considered design on very low budgets that will be perceived as high-design in the end. It’s shaped the way that we think about the work and how we can actually produce the kinds of projects that we’re interested in. We’ve had to be extremely resourceful because of our small budget restraints over the years.

Admittedly, most all architects I know at one time or another are dealing with challenging constraints, and often financial. This isn’t always a negative. It keeps us nimble. For the first eight or nine years of my practice, we had incredibly challenging budgets to work with. As a result we had to work with very challenging construction crews that were hired on the cheap. Since we’ve always been interested in a higher level of craft and custom detailing, and our contractors often could not deliver on some of our more particular details. We decided to step in and construct many of the project components over the years.

On the relationship between teaching and practicing
There are many of us who practice and teach. I’m sure I’m not alone when I acknowledge that this weekly overlap is incredibly rewarding, yet unbelievably challenging. To spend the morning deep into the reality of construction and then the afternoon discussing possibilities with a very different freedom, provides an invaluable feedback loop that is critical to the way we work. It is difficult to switch gears in a matter of hours. But after teaching for over ten years, now I can see that it has simply become one long conversation.

In my practice and in my studio at Harvard GSD, I push learning through the act of making. And to be clear, making for me is very much about the construction of something physical, not just digital. It’s through this process of actually constructing, testing and critiquing what’s been constructed, then re-constructing, re-testing, and iterating over and over again, that we form a methodology for working. This method of discovering and discussing the work permeates both in my office and in my studio. My studios are heavy on model making, fabrication and exploring various means of construction.

With many of our smaller, earlier projects in the office we had the luxury of seeing the work built very quickly. Nothing felt too precious. One project led to the next in terms of research, and more iterations of a similar idea would evolve through the subsequent different scale projects. For example, we would transform an idea we executed as a wall of an interior space into an exterior facade. It’s important to think of surfaces as both 2 and 3 dimensions, and to consider surface as an occupiable layer within a space or wrapping a building. To imagine it as a spatial condition that can possibly negotiate between the street and an interior.

On recent projects that represent her unique approach
With each project I try to craft a particular social experience. I’m obsessed with balconies, and any outdoor space really that allows for interaction with the street or neighboring property. I try to incorporate as many exterior spaces as possible within our residential projects, whether it is multi-family or private single family.

We just completed a house in Lexington, Massachusetts, where we incorporated five recessed gardens on the second floor of the house embedded between bedrooms and bathrooms. These recessed outdoor pockets of space allow it to rain and snow between the private rooms and bring exterior gardens into the interior. These visual thresholds allow for a new social connection between the rooms within the home that ironically provide a strong sense of privacy while allowing cross views and a sense of layered space. This is actually a very small house. It’s approximately 2000 sf, so the spaces are quite compressed yet porous.

We also just completed a multi-family loft building about a year ago that had a green screen. It was a stainless steel screen front façade that was ‘sewn’ onto steel gusset plates that became a vertical garden for this concrete and asphalt corner of the city. This screen wraps over a series of balconies that create a buffer between the street, the balcony and the living spaces within each unit. Through its transparence, the screen allows for a social exchange and dialogue with the streetscape while remaining somewhat private. This detail has become the signature component of the architecture and has created an entirely new identity for this area abutting the Shipyard.

We’re also about to begin construction on over 100 housing units in Detroit, Michigan, where we are weaving in similar ideas about social pockets of space within a series of two and three story carriage homes and four story duplexes. We’ve incorporated interior and exterior courtyards, passages through building massing and roofscapes over carports to address multiple ways to weave the private space with the public deep within the urban block.

As we scale up in our work, we are essentially multiplying this condition within both the private and public urban realm.

On her design toolkit
There are a lot of young, contemporary practices today that are utilizing high digital processes in their work. I wouldn’t describe my practice quite like that. We use digital as a resource. We use it in a much more modest capacity, where digital tools help us to achieve a particular fabrication method, certain shape-making and so on. It doesn’t dictate the kind of work we do.

We are constantly looking for new materials to test and explore within our projects as we work on many interiors as well as ground up construction. In the beginning of my practice we actually worked on mainly interiors. I developed an understanding of working with new and familiar materials in very unique and economical ways. We continue to strive to learn something new on each and every project. We are constantly searching for ways to game the construction industry in terms of how they price projects. The framer is a lot less expensive per hour than the millworker. We often try to find ways to utilize the trades on the site for aspects of the project that they wouldn’t normally be involved with on a typical project. It’s about leveraging the labor on site so that we’re not paying four times what we need to for the project. That’s not really a design tool. It’s more of a practical way of thinking through how to get the project built on the budget we’re given. That’s definitely in our toolkit.

I would describe my ‘toolkit’ as less of a toolkit and more of a strategy of process as we push to build more work in Boston and throughout the country. We have projects currently in Massachusetts, Michigan, Iowa, Panama and Southeast China. What I’ve learned is that I need a strong narrative to persuade the approval parties to build the type of work that we do, regardless of where we’re building. Being able to communicate a clear understanding of concept to context has helped me push a contemporary architecture in many conservative and traditional environments.

On the future of architecture in the next 5–10 years
There have been extensive discussions on how to best educate the public on our value as architects as we expand our cities. How do we communicate the necessity of our involvement earlier in the overall process? We’ll often get approached late in the game once certain aspects of the project have been locked in. Architects are often marginalized by the enormity of a full project team. This includes clients, sometimes developers, engineers, consultants, city agencies, and often the public because (depending on the jurisdiction) they ultimately have to approve it. Or at least the majority does. We work on multi-family housing in Boston where there’s a very robust neighborhood approval process set in place by the city. It is surprising how emotional the abutters can get about simply any development in their community. Our work is very contemporary, so we have to navigate these groups very carefully. The future of contemporary architecture in a city such as Boston depends on the success of communicating the relevance and necessity of innovative work.

Architects are masters at analyzing a problem, regardless of the type or scale work they produce. It is our responsibility to set up the problem strategically. Unfortunately we are often hired just as they need to solve it.

On advice she would give her younger self
It would be to remind myself every week that nothing happens overnight. It is a cumulative process of thinking, learning, discussing and building. And rethinking, relearning and re-discussing. The feedback loop needs to be rich and long. As with anything in life, we’re all in a hurry to get there. The path of an architect typically takes a very long time. It can take years, even decades, to find yourself where you think you want(ed) to be. It’s important to not rush it and be strategic about the projects that you do and don’t do.

The relationships you form along the way are also important because the majority of this industry is based on relationships. It continues to surprise me that relationships are valued almost more than the final product. I’ve enjoyed immensely making these new relationships along the way, which feed the practice, feed goodwill, and frankly make the process of building a more humanized endeavor.

I will admit that it is terrifying in the beginning to operate financially month-to-month with the uncertainty of the next project always looming. Even when you’re well-established you never know how the next year will play out given the volatility of the market. Architects need by definition a sense of control. This is very difficult to wrestle with when you’re forming a practice and you have very little control, at least in the beginning, for the initial projects that come your way. That can be very frustrating but also immensely exciting. It’s better to embrace it than try to fight it. Leave your mind open for finding projects within the non-projects.

Design Manifestos: Don Kranbuehl of Clark Nexsen

Don Kranbuehl is a Senior Architect and Associate Principal at Clark Nexsen’s Raleigh, North Carolina office. Don has more than 16 years of experience in the design, management, and construction spanning the academic, science + technology, and civic sectors. He has led the architectural design for a variety of projects that have been honored with state, regional, and national AIA design awards. Most recently, Don led the design for the UNC Coastal Studies Institute Research Building which received a Chicago Athenaeum International Design Award. Modelo spent some time learning about Don’s award-winning designs and unique approach.

On becoming an architect
My decision to become an architect was based on many factors, but grew primarily from my interests in art and music as well as science. Growing up, my two main hobbies were painting and playing the drums. My parents helped me develop these interests through painting classes and music lessons. These helped create a foundation for thinking visually and learning to design through art and music.

When I was twelve, we moved into a modern house that my stepfather, an architect, had designed and built. This gave me the opportunity to experience the power of architecture and begin to understand and appreciate the importance of site, form, material and light. Working with my stepfather at his home office on school projects, I fell in love with a profession where I could combine my interests in art, music and science.

On finding his voice as an architectural designer
A number of influences have been important, including my architectural education at Virginia Tech. During my years in the architectural and engineering graduate programs, I gained an appreciation for a pedagogy focused on discovery, process over product and learning through travel. The Virginia Tech faculty also encouraged utilizing personal experiences to influence and help guide the creative process. Here I once again drew upon the experience of playing drums in rock and jazz bands in high school and college to see how I could apply the notion of improvising in music to improvising in design studio.

My musical knowledge and practice inspired me to explore in an architectural setting rhythm, order, restraint and improvisation while appreciating the importance of listening to the voices of others playing music with you. I could appreciate the value of this in architecture where, in a sense, I was listening to the voices of the site.

Another important influence has been teaching in the architectural graduate school at North Carolina State University for the past nine years. This has helped me focus on the importance of designing public space as well and responding to site forces, both urban and natural. I continue to learn and grow from each studio I teach.

On how his role has evolved since joining Clark Nexsen 
I joined Clark Nexsen (formerly PBC+L) eleven years ago when my wife and I moved back home to the Mid-Atlantic after working in Chicago for a number of years. I searched for a firm with a strong connection to an academic setting. Clark Nexsen was integrally related to North Carolina State, as several of the architects were adjunct faculty and many participated in studio reviews. I had worked for Skidmore Owings & Merrill (SOM) for several years where I obtained licenses as both an architect and engineer, so joining the AE firm Clark Nexsen was a natural and exciting progression. The approach to design here is collaborative with a focus on idea-driven architecture. The team-oriented approach ultimately leads to the best design as the AE design team is in the same office and can listen and work closely together. I continue to focus on learning how to make our team-oriented approach a more healthy discourse that encourages collaboration around ideas, site, program and tectonics.

On principles he strives to adhere to
There are many important factors that are key including program, geometry, daylight and circulation. Environmental forces are examined as well to create an energy efficient and sustainable response. But I think at the heart of our design process is that we strive to understand the relationship of the form to the site and how it can create a unique reinterpretation of the site. That understanding drives the idea and design of the project.

We also always work on developing a clear tectonic and material expression that further reinforce the idea. The materials and craft of the architecture are important to us and trying to elevate how one experiences and engages the tactile dimension of the architecture.

I think this is an important question and one that I am always revisiting. Fortunately, as a teacher, it helps me to constantly review what I believe the important principles are to stress to students and consequently it informs for my own design process at Clark Nexsen.

On his role as a designer at Clark Nexsen
As a Senior Architect at Clark Nexsen, my primary focus is to help lead the design of a project from the initial kickoff with a client all the way through construction. At Clark Nexsen, we believe it is important for the architects to help shepherd a project from conceptual design through construction. This helps to ensure that the key elements of the architecture that are critical to the project and the client are kept intact and that there is an attention to the craft and the details in the construction process.

Another important aspect of my role is to listen to the client to develop a clear understanding of the mission and challenges that the client wants to achieve. Other important roles are to lead the design team’s analysis of the site and conceptual design process and to help guide the discourse between all members of the design team throughout the design and construction process. A large part of my role is ensuring that all members of the design team are heard and involved to make sure the best ideas are brought forward.

On recent projects that represent his unique approach
In terms of how we approach projects, we feel that it is important to treat our clients as partners in the design and make it a truly collaborative process. We believe in the power of ideas and use an investigative process to learn about the client’s objectives as well as the challenges and opportunities with their specific project and site.

One project we recently finished is the Wake Tech Regional Plant. It was primarily meant to be a building to house heating and cooling equipment. But the Wake Tech faculty and staff also hoped to make it a place to teach students about building systems. We designed a simple rectilinear glass and steel box with a perforated metal screen layer which screens and highlights the technology. A public path was located behind the screen to lead the students and public along an educational path featuring views of the mechanical equipment as well as the natural setting. The facility presented a unique opportunity to transform the standard “typology” of a utilitarian regional plant into more of “a museum for mechanical equipment” where the equipment is on display to the students and public.

Another recent project is the UNC Coastal Studies Institute. It’s located on Roanoke Island in North Carolina and is surrounded by wetlands and sweeping views of the Croatan Sound. The harsh and severe coastal environment provided inspiration for the building’s design. It is elevated on piloti that touch the ground lightly yet it engages and interacts with the landscape through its site walls and natural lawns. An existing canal governs the building’s simple bent form. This form aligns the building with the canal and captures views of the water and sky.

On the state of design software
In terms of the state of software today, it’s changing so rapidly it’s hard to keep up with it. There are constantly new programs coming out that our Tech studio evaluates for their usefulness in our design process. One of the best results of the new software is it allows for more overlap and blurring between disciplines. We continue to use a wide range of tools from hand sketching and physical model making to digital software such as SketchUp, Rhino and Revit. We supplement these basic modeling tools with plugins such as V-Ray for visualization, Grasshopper for modeling, and Sefaira for daylighting and energy modeling.

On the future of architecture in next 5–10 years
It is an exciting time to be in the field, as there will continue to be an emphasis on making buildings more sustainable and responsive to the changing environment. The global warming crisis demands that the architectural industry respond with responsible solutions that help reduce emissions and help improve the environmental challenges. At the same time, in order for architecture to be sustainable, architects will need to create uplifting buildings that clients want to keep for a long time.

On the future of the firm in the next 5–10 years
Clark Nexsen continues to develop into a strong design firm that creates thoughtful and sophisticated architecture. We want to keep building a culture that encourages discovery and collaboration. Our goal is to create inspiring architecture that responds to the challenges that lie ahead.

On advice he would give his younger self
There’s lots of advice I would give myself regarding school or my first years in architecture but that’s part of the joy of learning — struggling and learning from others. The great thing about architecture is that it is such a complicated field crossing so many disciplines that there is always more to learn. I continue to feel like a student of architecture today. I think if I gave myself some overall advice it would be to slow down — to find more opportunities to slow the process of architecture down as good design takes time.

Design Manifestos: Bob Little of L2Partridge

Bob Little, Co-Founder of L2Partridge in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is an award-winning designer focused on corporate commercial and higher education projects. His work on the E.J.DeSeta Building in Wilmington, Delaware was awarded an AIA Gold Medal, PSA Silver Medal and was published in Architectural Record. Bob is NCARB-Certified and is a registered architect in five states. He is a member of AIA, PSA, the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the Concord Township Historical Society. Bob received his BArch and MArch from Cornell University, and has a BS in Environmental Design from University of the Arts. Modelo spent some time learning about Bob’s progressive designs and unique approach.

On becoming an architect
One half of my family is builders. My mother could draw, I could draw, and so for some reason I always wanted to get involved with building and design. Having access to some blueprints early in my life, I would find myself fascinated with how things were drawn, but I truly didn’t understand what architecture was. I went to art school where I decided to pursue printmaking. I was very interested in mezzotint in particular. I found that everything I was doing in my print making was very architectural in nature. After discovering an Environmental Design program, I received a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Design. But this only wet my palate. By chance, I met a recent Cornell grad named Burt Miller who was teaching a studio on urban design. He was the one who encouraged me to formally pursue architecture and apply to Cornell University. Once I was there I excelled through the design studios receiving a Bachelor of Architecture, followed soon after by my Master of Architecture.

On discovering his voice as a designer
Coming out of school you are, in a way, slightly confused. In a lot of ways you don’t know who you are as a designer. Early in my career, I found myself getting hung-up on aesthetics, particularly in the facade. As a result, my process over the years has been one of distillation, trying to simplify projects and their expression. For me simplifying means clarification, or purifying. I think an example of this is my design for EJ DeSeta in Wilmington, Delaware. The built form is very simple and the fenestration is very precise. The beauty is in its austerity. The same can be said for the United States Postal Service (USPS) project I designed in Philadelphia. Although it’s ten times the size of the DeSeta building, on a diagrammatic level it’s quite simple. It’s a box, a wall that acts as a circulation spine, and an office bar to the front that conforms to the site. If you look more closely there are layers of complexity, but the idea itself is very simple. I think this notion of simplicity is partially a result of my education at Cornell in the early 80’s.

While I was at student I got lucky. At the time, the program had just been taken over by Werner Goehner. But he was on sabbatical, so they had Hans Kolhoff fill in, a disciple of Mathias Ungers. There was an intense rigor to the creation of architecture — a kind of obsession with the plan and a renaissance attitude toward facade. There was, what we called, ‘plan fixation.’ Professionally, I have always gravitated to the work of Alvar Aalto and Richard Meier. I am fascinated with the clarity achieved in their plans; specifically their practical nature. Something I have always struggled with is the balance of the practical and the artistic sides of design. I would say that most importantly, my education provided the necessary skills to learn on my own; to ask questions, seek answers and draw conclusions.

On starting L2Partridge 
My business partner and I met and worked together at Kling. While we enjoyed the work, we didn’t feel that the company was serving the clients very well. We felt that we were selling ourselves to ‘feed the machine’ but fell short on the delivery and commitment to the work. So we thought that we could be successful in a smaller model than the big mega firm, and eliminate the red-tape and bureaucracy that you get at a big firm. L2Partridge began as two companies. L2 Architecture started as an architecture and engineering company. During the recession, we dropped the engineering and joined Partridge Architects whose primary focus was Interior Design, combining the two companies to expand our services and clients.

My role has shifted significantly since becoming a leader of a company. Being in a position of ownership, I have to wear multiple hats. I find my time is less dedicated to the actual act of designing and is spread over various necessities like marketing.

On specific principles that L2Partridge adheres to
Simplicity, but also a thread of consistency. It’s not about repeating elements or attributes, but rather about taking an attribute and transforming it to its next logical development. It’s like the design of a car, you see a car from the 1920’s and one from today and realize that there has been this amazing transformation over time. That’s how I like to think about the work, it evolves as we evolve. Intrinsic to this notion is the diagram. As a product of a rigorous education, I have always conformed to a simple truth in design. “If you can’t diagram it, you don’t have an idea.” The diagram enables one to clarify, in a conceptual manner, the essence of an idea.

On his role at L2Partridge
My responsibilities, besides oversight of design, encompass marketing, business development, social media, and technology, i.e., computer software to aid in design and production. L2Partridge is not a large firm so we all have multiple roles. I try to stay close to the latest software applications by supporting the efforts of those individuals using the programs, and pushing them to try new things.

On recent projects that represent the firm’s unique approach
I’m not sure we have a unique approach, but I do believe that we are made up of unique personalities. Those personalities in turn make our process unique because of how we engage with the client. I think in some ways that our approach is very old school, in terms of sitting down with a pen and piece of trace paper.

Our strategy is to partner with our clients. We don’t look for single projects; we focus on establishing long-term client relationships that will yield assignments for many years. We endeavor to understand the client’s business model so we can make design decisions that support their goals and objectives. We did this successfully with Endo Pharmaceuticals WWHQ (300 KSF), the University of the Sciences new Physician Assistant Education Buildings (57,500 SF) and currently with The Henderson Group where we are designing a 75,000 SF office building. We are only successful if our clients are successful.

On his design toolkit
What is my process? Pen on paper. Coming up with a diagram. There is something about the look of the ink on the paper that evokes meaning. The time delay between ideas in my head and the movement of the pen on paper allows me to think, patiently and quietly. I don’t stay in the sketch book long as I begin to block out ideas in CAD, print them and then sketch over them with trace paper and then back to CAD again. It goes around and around until I am happy with the form or composition. Parallel to this CAD and sketching effort are the explorations using 3D modeling software. I love to draw over a 3D model. There is a back and forth between perspective drawing and 3D modeling.

On the state of design software today
I think the software is super cool, you can do a lot of great things. Sometimes you just have to experiment with the software to achieve the design you want. There is a lot of investment and time involved with developing cells, families, and blocks. But ultimately it produces an image with which you need to make decisions about the design, and continue to develop it. For me, it’s not enough to see it on the screen, it’s printing it, sketching over it, followed by going back to the model to make some adjustments. 3D models will never replace a physical model, but unfortunately fee structures in our industry today don’t support the creation and study of physical models. As a result, we rely heavily on visualization software to determine the outcome of a design. I’ve been told that I am “old school” for relying on my sketch book diagrams. Maybe this is true, but I am open to trying new tools as long as the interface feels intuitive. If I can easily smudge a line or make a line thicker or thinner by how much pressure I excerpt on the stylus, great, I would love to try it. When I was a younger architect, I did all of my own computer visualization using Integraph’s Modelview program. It was exciting helping to pioneer visualization efforts in the office. In regard to the software used in the office, there are amazing things going on that aid in visualization and production.

On the future of architecture in the next 5–10 years
I think it’s going to be harder for medium-size firms to survive. There will be two types of firms. There will continue to be the mom-and-pop shop and the big mega firms. The medium-sized firms like ours will find it difficult to survive. The issue comes down to portfolio breadth. Huge firms that can setup offices in cities across the US and the World have a larger pool of project experience that can be used as a selling point. At the design studio level, innovations in technology have greatly increased productivity throughout the profession. It has enabled us to be more efficient and get more done with fewer people. We are able to produce large scale buildings with half the people we used to need. The answer to this question has always rested on the merits of technology making our lives easier.

On the future of L2Partridge in the next 5–10 years
We are in a growth mode. We realize that we need to increase in size. While we would like that to be organically, we might be faced with an opportunity to merge to increase our market sector diversity. Currently, for example, we don’t have any exposure in the healthcare industry, which will continue to be very strong and has proven hard to break into. Getting these projects often means teaming with another firm.

I see the profession changing to a field of specialists. As expertise requirements of market sectors evolve, it is becoming increasingly difficult to have a generalist practice. If you don’t have ten project examples of exactly what an RFP is requiring, it can be challenging to compete for new commissions. L2Partridge has been on both sides of this trend and I believe it will only continue to become a specialty profession in regard to market sector focus or building type.

On advice he would give his younger self
Get more involved with the architecture community. Get involved. Go to the various networking events and participate more with the AIA. If you are ever going to do your own thing, you need to have a comfort level with networking and generating relationships. I would say it’s hard for me to look back at my work and determine something I would change — I believe that I am still, and will forever, be searching for my architectural voice.

Design Manifestos: Ania Leeson of OTJ Architects

Ania Leeson is a Partner and Studio Director at OTJ Architects in Washington, D.C. She is a licensed architect who has previously worked in New York City and Chicago, Illinois. Ania holds a Master’s degree in Architecture from Harvard University and Bachelor’s degree from Cornell University.Modelo spent some time learning about Ania’s journey with architecture and forward-thinking design approach.

On becoming an architect
I spent the first seven years of my life in Communist Eastern Europe, where at the time, architecture and the built environment was grey, static, and depressing. At age six I took my first trip abroad, where I was exposed for the first time to colorful and energetic design. What I saw on that trip hooked me and it was not long after that I decided I wanted to become an architect. I was lucky enough to have spent the rest of my childhood and teenage years living in Holland — in my opinion the most creative nation in Europe. The Dutch were never afraid to take risks with design — nothing about their architecture, art or design is ever dull or uninteresting. Living and being surrounded by that was inspiring and further pushed me to pursue architecture as a major, and eventually as a career.

On discovering her voice as a designer 
I arrived in design school believing that less is more when it comes to design but it was definitely something that was further reinforced by my professors. The impact of something understated can be far more meaningful than something that triggers sensory overload. However it was while reading John Berger’s Ways of Seeing in college that I started to additionally develop an appreciation and importance of designing spaces that can successfully tell a story without words. I approach design with that voice telling me to think about the story the space will tell in the most effortless and lucid manner possible.

I’ve had the privilege to work for a range of firms since my first design job in college, each of which has influenced the way I think about and approach design. I’ve always had, and continue to have, mentors who I admire and who I can learn from. However a very strong professional influence are my clients, the new challenges they bring, the stories they need their spaces to tell and the new lessons I learn from them.

As designers we never cease to learn from each other, which I feel is an educational constant in my life. The educational influences from my past that have had the biggest impact on me as a designer were design studios at the Harvard Graduate School of Design that involved project immersion through travel. One memorable example was a studio led by Peter Rose, a great architect and professor who took us on a Donald Judd pilgrimage to Marfa, Texas. Art and social context had a tremendous impact on me back then and continue to influence me in my professional life today.

Traveling has been an influence for me. I’m always inspired by seeing new landscapes, art, color, architecture, materials, and experiencing what other people consider their norm. I try to take as many trips a year as my schedule allows. Although I am fine returning to places I love, I try to see new places each year and I don’t try to cram too much in. I’ve been on a Scandinavian kick recently as part of this discovery.

On joining OTJ Architects
I had just relocated to Washington, D.C. from Chicago, Illinois and was searching for something new and out of my comfort zone. I had started out my career at RTKL working on mixed-use urban design projects as well as sustainability-focused commercial architecture. I then transitioned to a smaller firm in Chicago where I primarily poured myself into an addition to a Stanley Tigerman building in the south side of Chicago. Returning to the DC area I now call home was a great new opportunity that presented itself to me to join and help build a growing design studio at OTJ.

On how her approach has evolved since joining
I’ve learned a great deal from my team, from consultants and other industry leaders over the years. But I believe the biggest change in approach for me professionally has been coming up with ways to be more creative about my job as a whole, as opposed to just being creative about design.

On specific principles she strives to adhere to 
Listening to our clients is our key principle. We are very much a people-focused firm and we love to collaborate with our clients. Listening and being in tune with their goals is key to a project’s success.

On her role at OTJ Architects 
My role is to challenge myself and others to produce better design while being forward thinking in workplace strategy, design and our creative process. It is pretty simple when you boil it down.

On OTJ’s unique approach to design
We are a boutique firm and have a youthful energy that I am very excited to be a part of. We approach design collaboratively and I believe what truly sets us apart is the fact that none of our projects look alike.

On projects that represent her unique approach
National Trust for Historic Preservation: The challenge for the National Trust for Historic preservation Headquarters (NTHP) was designing a home for an organization that focuses on preservation. NTHP chose the historically significant Watergate complex in Washington, D.C. which was designed by Italian Architect Luigi Moretti over five decades ago. The space we had to work with was a cold shell with some spectacular views of D.C., the river and the rest of the concrete complex. The story we were telling within the space was one that was at the core of NTHP’s mission. We focused on staying true to the Watergate. We researched Moretti’s work, his attention to detail and the materiality that he had mastered. We found a great deal of inspiration from his work and from the rest of the complex that translated effortlessly into the interiors of his building. We were able to respect the context while giving NTHP an open, collaborative workspace to further their mission.

Confidential Client: The focus of the Confidential Client project was creating a great space for the employees to work in. With a four story office space, the biggest challenges tend to be floor silos that are created if not enough attention is paid to encouraging staff to traverse all of their floors. We worked with the firm to create a series of magnet spaces, flanking the four story stair to encourage and allow staff to have casual conversations in spaces that felt connected yet unique to each floor. Although many of these spaces were focused on encouraging interaction, we also designed focus spaces. One example of that was a quiet reading room, reminiscent of a library with soft seating, book shelves and great views of D.C. The design intentionally balanced the softer, warmer design features with an edgy feel to create a unique environment reflective of the firm.

National Restaurant Association: We were tasked to create an office environment and space that captured the National Restaurant Association’s Spirit of Hospitality. They needed a space they could host industry events while also having a functional office space. The event space was a large spaceplan driver for the two floors they occupy. The event space begins with a very warm welcoming elevator lobby, a reception area with very comfortable seating areas, soft lighting and a gas fireplace. The space has an interconnecting stair that is open yet intimate. It leads staff and visitors alike to an open commercial grade studio kitchen (equipped with a goPro camera hidden inside of an exhaust hood to film the food being cooked), a reception bar area and an indoor/ outdoor entertaining space. Our goal, besides weaving the spirit of hospitality into the design, was making the event space feel like it was accessible to the staff 95% of the time when an event was not taking place. We really enjoyed working closely with the National Restaurant Association to make sure their space was thoughtful and represented their membership while being a very clear nod to the industry.

On her design toolkit 
Our process starts with research and visioning, so that we can develop an understanding of what we need to highlight or who we need to connect with in order to design the right space for our clients. We work in teams and we use charrettes and in-house critiques to push our design and make our projects stronger and better through collaboration.

Our team charrettes are paralleled with sketching to distill a concept. We then take the concept and use a range of digital visualization tools to develop it. 3D modeling plays a major role in how we develop and communicate design. Clients simply get it when you show them their future space in 3D.

On the state of design software today
Design software is an incredible design tool, it is forever improving but it’s only that: a tool. It can’t replace thoughtfulness of the plan and design concept.

On the future of architecture in the next 5–10 years
I think the design industry will become more integrated from conception of design through the completed built space. I believe we will see more efficiencies in production, coordination and construction all of which I’m very excited about. But at the end of the day the core of what we do as designers will likely remain the same. We will research our clients, listen to them and design spaces that make a difference and help tell a story.

On the future of OTJ Architects in the next 5–10 years
I see OTJ being very creatively adaptive in the way we approach industry changes. As I mentioned, I don’t see the core of what we do changing, but I do see the methods of execution changing particular to when a design is born. OTJ has a great, young energy and we are not afraid to think outside of the box as a firm.

On advice she would give her younger self 
Be creative in the way you think, not just the way you design.